In this article, we will discuss the nature of Calcium Chloride, and its characteristics. It is also intended to provide the readers with efficient information on various types of it, their unique features, and applications. Moreover, it provides an explanation about Iran’s Calcium Chloride production, and its privileges.
Calcium Chloride, denoted by the chemical formula CaCl2, is a salt that is widely used across various industries due to its high solubility in water and versatile properties. This compound can be produced through multiple methods, including the reaction of limestone with hydrochloric acid or as a by-product of the Solvay process.
It is a salt compound with various features. Here are some of its features:
Solubility: It is an extremely soluble compound in water, exhibiting a solubility of 74 grams per 100 milliliters at room temperature. This characteristic makes it a valuable ingredient in numerous applications, including but not limited to de-icing roads and sidewalks, controlling dust, and serving as a food additive.
Hygroscopicity: It is a compound that exhibits a high degree of hygroscopicity, which refers to its capability to attract and retain moisture from the surrounding air. This property makes it an effective desiccant or drying agent in a wide range of applications.
Corrosiveness: It is a highly corrosive substance that can cause damage to certain metals, including aluminum and zinc. As a result, its use may be limited in certain applications where these metals are present.
Density: It is a chemical compound with a density of 2.15 g/cm³, which is higher than that of water.
Melting and boiling point: It has a remarkably high melting point of 772 °C and a boiling point of 1,935 °C. Due to these properties, it is extensively used in various high-temperature applications. For instance, it is used as a coolant in refrigeration systems and as an additive in concrete to accelerate the setting process.
In this article, we will discuss the nature of Heavy Alkylate Benzene, and its characteristics. It is also intended to provide the readers with efficient information on various types of it, their unique features, and applications. Furthermore, it provides an explanation about Iran’s HAB production.
Heavy Alkylate Benzene, and its characteristics
Heavy alkylate benzene is a type of benzene that is manufactured through the alkylation of benzene with high molecular weight olefins. This process yields a product with a significant degree of branching, enhancing its resistance to thermal and oxidative degradation. It has some critical characteristics.
The production of heavy alkylate benzene involves the use of exceptionally pure olefins. This process results in a product that is characterized by its high level of purity and free from impurities. The purity of the heavy alkylate benzene is essential in ensuring that it meets the required standards for its various industrial applications.
High stability is one of the most significant advantages of heavy alkylate benzene due to its high degree of branching. This unique chemical structure provides exceptional stability, even under extreme conditions such as high temperatures and pressures. As a result, it has become an ideal choice for various applications, including use as a solvent, fuel additive, and lubricant.
Its stability also makes it a popular choice in the production of high-performance plastics and synthetic rubber. It is a comparatively low-toxicity type of benzene, making it a safer option for various applications where exposure to benzene might pose a potential health hazard. This can be attributed to its unique molecular structure, which makes it less reactive and less likely to interact with biological systems. Additionally, it has a higher boiling point than other types of benzene, which reduces the likelihood of inhalation exposure.
Heavy alkylate benzene, commonly referred to as HAB, is a chemical compound that finds diverse applications across various industries. It is a crucial component in the manufacturing process of linear alkyl benzene (LAB), which is widely used in the production of household and industrial detergents.
One of the most significant uses of HAB is as a blending component in high-octane gasoline. Heavy alkylate benzene is added to gasoline to enhance its quality and performance, particularly in terms of increasing fuel efficiency. Additionally, HAB serves as a raw material in the production of detergents, lubricating oils, and other chemicals.
In this article, we will discuss the nature of Linear Alkyl Benzene, and its specific features. It is also intended to provide the readers with efficient information on various types of Linear Alkyl Benzene, their unique characteristics, and applications. Moreover, it provides a brief explanation about Iran’s LAB production.
Linear alkyl benzene (LAB) is a colorless to pale yellow liquid that emits a strong, characteristic odor. It is composed of a complex mixture of predominantly linear and mono-alkylated isomers of alkyl benzenes. Linear alkyl benzene is a crucial organic compound extensively utilized in the production of biodegradable detergents. It belongs to the family of alkyl benzenes that are derived from linear olefins, obtained from crude oil or natural gas. The process of producing LAB involves the reaction of linear olefins with benzene, using a catalyst such as hydrofluoric acid or aluminum chloride. The resulting product is then subjected to purification and distillation processes to obtain the final high-quality LAB product.
It is a type of colorless liquid that is insoluble in water but soluble in organic solvents like ethanol and acetone. It has a high boiling point and remains stable under normal conditions. The primary application of LAB is as a surfactant in detergents owing to its exceptional ability to reduce the surface tension of water and enhance the cleaning performance of the detergent. Apart from this, it finds extensive usage in other domains such as lubricants, solvents, and agricultural chemicals.
Linear Alkyl Benzene is a type of organic compound that has some features. The molecular structure of LAB is characterized by an aromatic hydrocarbon comprising a benzene ring and a linear alkyl chain that is attached to it. The length of the alkyl chain may differ, but it usually consists of 10 to 14 carbon atoms. It is a clear liquid that exhibits insolubility in water but solubility in organic solvents like benzene and toluene. After Sulfonation in downstream processing units, LAB is changed to Linear ALkyl Benzene Sulfonate Acid (LABSA) and it is used as the primary cleaning agent in household detergents including cleaning powders and liquids.
Sodium hydroxide (NaOH) is a highly caustic and corrosive compound that is commonly known as caustic soda or lye. The name “caustic soda” comes from its ability to corrode or burn organic materials upon contact due to its strong alkaline properties. NaOH is a type of sodium hydrate, meaning that it contains water molecules within its crystal structure.
In its pure form, caustic soda appears as a waxy, white solid that readily absorbs moisture from the air and dissolves in water to form an aqueous solution. Overall, sodium hydroxide has a wide range of industrial applications, including in the production of paper, textiles, soaps, and detergents. It is also used in the manufacturing of various chemicals, such as plastics and pharmaceuticals. However, due to its highly corrosive nature, sodium hydroxide must be handled with care and caution to prevent injury or damage.
Sodium hydroxide has numerous applications across various industries. One of its most common applications is in the production of paper and pulp. In this process, caustic soda is used to break down lignin, a complex organic polymer found in wood, which helps to separate the cellulose fibers and create pulp. It accounts for around 90% of the total sodium hydroxide consumption in the paper industry.
Another application of sodium hydroxide is in water treatment, primarily for pH level regulation and elimination of impurities like heavy metals and organic compounds. Its application in water treatment is significant as it helps in the removal of contaminants from water, making it safe for consumption and industrial use.
Caustic soda finds extensive application in the chemical industry for manufacturing various chemicals including detergents, soaps, and bleach. Additionally, it is used in the extraction of alumina from bauxite ore during the production of aluminum by dissolving the ore in a sodium hydroxide solution. Moreover, apart from its industrial applications, this substance finds widespread usage in several other domains.
One such example is its frequent use as a drain cleaner, owing to its ability to dissolve grease and other organic substances. Additionally, it is employed in the food processing industry to sanitize surfaces and equipment. It is also used to remove impurities from food products such as cocoa and chocolate.
What are the various types of caustic soda?
There are several types of sodium hydroxide available in the market, each with its unique properties and applications, including:
A. Membrane-grade caustic soda
It is a type manufactured using an electrolytic process. This process involves the use of a membrane to separate the anode and cathode compartments. The resulting product has a high level of purity, up to 99%, which makes it ideal for use in high-end applications such as food processing and pharmaceuticals.
Epoxy adhesive is considered one of the most significant adhesives in history, since the beginning of adhesive use. Epoxy adhesives are composed of epoxy resin, which exhibits various properties and characteristics depending on the resin grade and fillers added, such as metals and ceramics. These adhesives have been utilized in the industry for over half a century, offering excellent chemical and physical properties. Typically, they are produced in two components: resin and hardener.
What is a epoxy adhesive and its applications?
Epoxy adhesives are known for their strong bonding capabilities and resistance to chemicals, heat, and water. They are used in a wide range of applications, including construction, automotive, aerospace, marine, and electronics industries. Epoxy adhesives can be used to bond various materials like metals, plastics, wood, and ceramics. One of the primary advantages of epoxy adhesives is their ability to form a strong bond even under harsh conditions. They can also fill gaps between surfaces and provide excellent electrical insulation. However, they require careful handling due to their potentially harmful nature.
Specific characteristics and privileges the substance
Epoxy resin-based products have a wide range of applications, including coatings, paints, adhesives, and sealants for repairing metal surfaces. Upon drying, epoxy adhesives become hard and rigid, with drying times ranging from a few minutes to several hours. Generally, the faster an adhesive dries, the lower its final strength will be, and vice versa. One-component epoxy adhesives require heat activation and have a higher drying speed than two-component epoxy adhesives.
Strong and durable adhesion conditions
To ensure a strong and durable adhesion of epoxy glues, it is crucial to prepare and clean the surface before applying the glue. This applies not only to epoxy glues but also to other adhesives such as polyurethane adhesive, MS polymer adhesive, and silicone adhesives. Neglecting to prepare the surface properly can significantly impact the quality of the final adhesion. The longevity of epoxy adhesives is contingent upon the location and conditions in which they are stored. When stored under appropriate conditions, epoxy adhesives can typically remain effective for several years.
Epoxy glue have several advantages over other types of adhesives such as silicone and polyurethane.
Firstly, they experience a decrease in volume, or shrinkage, after drying which ensures that the adhesive remains in place and does not crack or break due to changes in temperature or pressure.
Secondly, epoxy adhesives do not release any gas during the drying process which makes them ideal for use in confined spaces.
They are also highly compatible with a wide range of materials and can adhere to many different surfaces, including metals, plastics, and ceramics.
Additionally, epoxy adhesives offer excellent chemical and corrosion resistance as well as high resistance to erosion. They are also suitable for use as insulation for electrical cables.
Bitumen is a dark brown or black, non-crystalline and highly viscous substance with adhesive and waterproof properties. It is soluble in organic solutions such as toluene and carbon disulfide. This substance is mainly composed of hydrocarbons, which typically contain around 80% carbon and 15% hydrogen. It is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons and other compounds that gives it unique physical and chemical properties.
What are the features?
It is a highly strong and resilient adhesive substance, capable of binding an extensive range of materials, even when their properties do not match. The durability of this adhesive is critical for significant engineering projects, including the construction of roads and waterways that require a lifespan of 20 years or more.
It is insoluble in water and can act as an effective waterproofing insulator. It also resists most acids, alkalis and salts and does not contaminate water, so it can be used for water flow lines.
It is insoluble in water and can act as an effective waterproofing insulator. It also resists most acids, alkalis and salts and does not contaminate water, so it can be used for water flow lines.
The substance in question is a type of thermoplastic material that has the unique property of becoming liquid when exposed to heat and solidifying when it cools down. This characteristic makes it highly versatile and easy to work with, as it can be liquefied using one of three methods: through the application of heat, by dissolving it in petroleum solvents, or by dispersing it in water as an emulsion. This allows for the material to be easily spread and applied in areas where it is needed.
The mineral aggregate mix used in road construction requires a material that provides controllable flexibility, and this is why it is widely used. This material is available at an affordable cost almost everywhere in the world.
What are the applications of this substance?
The applications of bitumenare diverse and can be categorized into road construction, industrial applications, waterproofing of buildings, and electrical insulation. However, it is important to note that the primary use of this material is in road construction.
Producers and buyers of this substance
China, United States, Canada, Russia, Venezuela, Iran, Mexico, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and United Arab Emirates were the top 10 producers of bitumen in 2022.
China, India, United States, Indonesia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam, South Korea, Japan, and Malaysia were the top 10 buyers of this substance in 2022.
Epoxy resin is an adaptable and useful material that has a wide range of applications in various industries. It is a type of synthetic polymer that is created by mixing two different components together, an epoxy resin and a hardener.
There are several types of epoxy resins with unique features and applications, including:
Bisphenol An Epoxy Resin (DGEBA): The most commonly used type of epoxy resin is Bisphenol epoxy resins, which are produced by reacting bisphenol A with epichlorohydrin. These resins have high mechanical strength, good adhesion, and excellent chemical resistance, making them ideal for a wide range of applications such as coatings, adhesives, composites, and electronics.
Novolac Epoxy Resin: Novolac epoxy resins are synthesized through the reaction between epichlorohydrin and phenolic novolac resins. These resins exhibit exceptional thermal stability and high cross-link density, making them ideal for use in applications that require high-temperature resistance such as coatings for chemical processing equipment, tanks, and pipelines.
Aliphatic Epoxy Resin: Aliphatic epoxy resins are produced as a result of reacting aliphatic amines with epichlorohydrin. These resins exhibit exceptional color stability and UV resistance, which makes them an ideal choice for outdoor applications such as coatings for buildings, bridges and automobiles.
Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resin: Cycloaliphatic epoxy resins are produced by reacting cycloaliphatic diamines with epichlorohydrin. The low viscosity and excellent chemical resistance properties of these substances make them ideal for utilization in adhesives and coatings.
Glycidyl amine Epoxy Resin: Glycidyl amine epoxy resins are produced by reacting amines with epichlorohydrin. They have excellent impact resistance and toughness, making them suitable for use in composites and adhesives.
Epoxy resins have several various applications, including using as adhesives because of their strong bonding capabilities. The aerospace, automotive, construction, and electronics industries all use epoxy adhesives extensively.
They are used as Coatings for floors, walls, and other surfaces. They are a popular choice for commercial and industrial sectors, such as factories, due to their durable and visually appealing finish that is highly resistant to chemicals, abrasion, and impact.
Epoxy resins are used as Composites, which are known for their lightweight and strong, making them ideal for use in aerospace, automotive, and sporting goods applications.
Polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from monomer styrene. It is a rigid, transparent, and lightweight plastic that is commonly used in packaging materials, insulation, disposable cups and containers, and toys. Polystyrene can be produced in two forms: solid (commonly used for packaging) and foam (used for insulation and cushioning).
Polystyrene is an inexpensive material that is easy to manufacture and mold into different shapes. It has good insulation properties, making it an ideal material for use in building insulation and packaging materials. However, polystyrene is not biodegradable and can take hundreds of years to decompose, which has led to concerns about its impact on the environment.
Polystyrene foam is often used as a cushioning material for fragile items during shipping because of its ability to absorb shock. It is also used in disposable food containers because it is lightweight, inexpensive, and can be easily molded into different shapes. However, there are concerns about the potential health risks associated with using polystyrene in food packaging.
In summary, polystyrene is a synthetic polymer made from monomer styrene that is commonly used in packaging materials, insulation, disposable cups and containers, and toys due to its low cost and ease of manufacturing. However, its impact on the environment and potential health risks have raised concerns about its use.
What is Polystyrene (PS) G1551 and its usage in the industry?
Polystyrene G1551 is a type of polystyrene resin that is commonly used in the manufacturing of consumer goods, such as toys, electronic components, and food packaging. It is a thermoplastic material that is known for its high strength, rigidity, and resistance to impact and moisture.
A refinery abbreviation for Gasoil is Diesel D2 or Gasoline D2. Unlike crude distillate, it does not require reformers or additives for use. Before petrol cars as we know them today were invented, diesel engines used D2 as fuel. This is due to the fact that a German engine called Diesel requires no spark plugs. When pressure increases, the diesel engine will ignite and combust so that the heated “plug” explodes. As a result, diesel engines are based on the same principles. As a result, the refinery will add additives to the automotive diesel that you fill to make the engine more efficient and easier to start over the winter season.
The “Flash Point” of diesel changes in the winter, according to the small print. Like petrol, diesel also has additives to absorb water that condenses in the cylinder – but because the nozzles are injected directly into the cylinder, ice will destroy the nozzles before the engine. Your fuel pipes may freeze and burst if you use summer diesel in the winter, and the wax can make the diesel flow thicker. Summer diesel gives you better mileage, but you will have to deal with more fuel pipe freezing and bursts.
The role of sulfur in GASOIL and Diesel D2
It is the sulfur content of GASOIL and Gasoline D2 that makes them different. A limit of 4% sulfur in GASOIL was introduced by the US EPA 10 years ago, while Europe and the rest of the world followed later. Most of the time, when sulfur needs to be removed, ways of doing it more efficiently are quickly discovered. Sulfur can now be traded profitably with sulfuric acid, which is now motivating farmers to extract as much as possible.
In essence, ‘Low Sulphur Gasoil‘ is now below 0.2% rather than 4%. As for Ultra Low Sulphur, it has a maximum sulfur content of 0.02%, and there are two limitations here: (a) mass spectrographs need extensive calibration to measure below 1000ppm, and (b) sulfur can form clogs. As explained above, Diesel D2 is a distillate, and it has not been “cracked” by the refinery. As a result, the molecules bind to free hydrogen molecules, forming a cluster that will break. The average sulfur content in a barrel is less than 0.02%, so you only got a cluster of molecules in your pint of ULSG.
Oil companies standard for production Diesel D2
Oil companies use a standard for Gasoline D2 or Diesel D2 from the International Standardization Organization – ISO.
As a result of proposals from ASTM, API, and EPA, ANSI has defined the US national standard for Diesel D2.
There are national variants in Europe, for instance, DIN in Germany, and GOST in Russia.
According to the ISO standard, the GOST variant for D2/Gasoil has a maximum sulfur content of 0.02 MAX. As the ANSI standard, it calls it “Ultra Low Sulphur”, and 0,2% (2000ppm) will be referred to as “Low Sulphur”. Many cities have reduced their pollution as a result of the reduction of sulfur in their gasoil.
The world’s most widely used solid nitrogen fertilizer is urea CO(NH2)2. Animal urine also contains urea, which is commonly found in nature. This material is efficient for transferring to farms and applying to fields because of its high N content.
In order to produce urea fertilizer, ammonia gas (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) are combined at elevated temperatures and pressures. By using specialized granulation equipment, molten urea is formed into spheres or hardened into a solid prill by falling from a tower. Biuret can be harmful when sprayed on plant foliage when two urea molecules combine during urea production. Due to carefully controlled conditions during manufacturing, most commercial urea fertilizers contain only low levels of biuret. In some cases, though, the chemical with lower biuret content can be used for special purposes. NH3 is the main input for urea production, so the material manufacturing plants are generally located near NH3 production facilities. There are several methods for transporting this material around the world, including ocean vessels, barges, rails, and trucks.
It is estimated that more than 90 percent of global urea production is destined for use as a nitrogen-releasing fertilizer. The nitrogen content of urea is the highest among all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use (46.7%). As a result, it is the nitrogen nutrient with the lowest transportation costs.
When it is hydrolyzed in the soil, it returns to ammonia and carbon dioxide. Plants are able to absorb nitrate from the soil when ammonia is oxidized by bacteria. There are also many formulations of solid fertilizers that contain the chemical. In combination with ammonium nitrate, the chemical is extremely soluble in water, making it an ideal fertilizer for use in fertilizer solutions (e.g., foliar feed). Due to their narrow particle size distribution, granules are preferred for the application of fertilizers.
Biuret is the most common impurity that occurs in synthetic urea, and its presence must be less than 2 percent of the time to prevent the growth of plants.
The amount of urea spread in farm
The amount of urea spread will vary depending on the type of farm and region, but the actual rate of spread will be between 40 and 300 kg/ha. To minimize leaching losses and increase the efficiency of nitrogen use, it is better to apply several small to medium applications at intervals rather than one heavy application. To reduce loss of nitrogen from volatilization (the process of converting nitrogen into ammonia gas in the atmosphere),the chemical should be spread prior to or during rain during the summer. The use of this material in combination with other fertilizers may result in problems of physical quality.
Paraffin Wax (Petroleum Wax) is a soft colorless solid substance derived from petroleum, coal or shale oil, which consists of a mixture of hydrocarbon molecules between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
In fact, paraffin found in solid form is called paraffin wax, petroleum wax or solid paraffin. This substance is a white or colorless soft wax, which is extracted from oil, coal or oil rocks and is composed of saturated hydrocarbon molecules between twenty and forty carbon atoms.
It is solid at room temperature and starts to melt above 37°C (99°F). Its boiling point is above 370 °C (698 °F). Solid paraffin is colorless, tasteless and odorless. Paraffin has a low melting point. The color of paraffin wax varies depending on the amount of oil and its transparency. Paraffin wax was first produced by Karl Reichenbach in Germany in 1830.
This material is also called paraffin candle. Paraffin candles are odorless, white, and bluish. Paraffin wax is mostly in the form of a white, odorless, and tasteless waxy solid substance that has a normal melting point between 46 and 68 degrees Celsius and a density of about 900 kg/m3. The freezing point of solid paraffin is in the temperature range between 50 and 55 degrees Celsius. In fact, for this reason, most of this substance exists in solid form. Solid paraffin does not dissolve in water. But it is soluble in ether, benzene, and certain esters. Solid paraffin is not affected by most common chemicals but burns easily. Its heat of combustion is 42 MJ/kg. Solid paraffin often contains 3 to 5% oil, which is usually milky white in color and has a gel state.
The source of cetostearyl alcohol is natural products such as vegetables and synthetic chemical compounds. This material is used as an emulsion stabilizer, matting agent and surfactant, foam enhancer, and also as an aqueous and non-aqueous viscosity-increasing agent.
This fatty alcohol contains 10-35% cetyl alcohol and 65-90% stearyl alcohol as well as some long or short-chain alcohols. This compound is insoluble in water, but it is soluble in polar solvents, alcohol, and petroleum substances, and it is incompatible with strong oxidizers and metal salts.
Alcohol is a kind of waxy substance and it is naturally obtained from palm oil or coconut oil, but it is also produced synthetically in the laboratory. cetostearyl alcohol is also known by different names such as C16-18 alcohol.
2-Ethylhexanol is a flammable liquid, which in contact with a strong oxidizer may cause a fire. The appearance of this compound is a clear, colorless liquid from the alcohol family, which is almost insoluble in water but dissolves well in most aqueous solvents.
It is a branched, eight-carbon chiral alcohol, which is widely used in many applications such as solvents, flavorings, and aromatics, and especially as a precursor in the production of other chemicals such as emollients. This substance is insoluble in water and has a lower density than water. Although isooctanol (and the derivative isoxyl prefix) is commonly used in industry to refer to 2-ethylhexanoland its derivatives, IUPAC nomenclature conventions dictate that this name properly refers to another isomer of octanol, 6-methyl heptane- 1- Apply first.
2-Ethylhexanolis industrially produced by condensation of aldol n-butyraldehyde followed by hydrogenation of the resulting hydroxyaldehyde. About 2,500,000 tons are prepared in this way every year.
Liquid Paraffin Wax is a milky liquid composition and is used for washing powder, synthetic detergents, synthetic petroleum proteins, emulsifier pesticides, etc. In the liquid paraffin industry, it is considered a subcategory of lubricants, because it is a type of liquid oil. In fact, this chemical is a mixture of liquid hydrocarbons.
Refined and very pure paraffin is called liquid paraffin or white oil or kerosene. This material is white or transparent in appearance. The boiling point of this substance is 175 degrees Celsius and its evaporation point is 265 degrees Celsius.
Sanitary paraffin, which is used in pharmaceuticals to make ointments and creams, is also called pharmaceutical-grade liquid paraffin. This paraffin is a very pure mineral oil that is used in the production of various cosmetics and also for medical purposes.
Liquid paraffin is obtained from the distillation of petroleum derivatives. This material is sold in two forms: colorless oily liquid or white oily liquid.
Abraham Gessner, a Canadian geologist, first distilled kerosene from coal in 1846. Kerosene, also called paraffin or paraffin oil, is a flammable and clear liquid that is distilled from oil. It is a mixture of different hydrocarbons and is less volatile than gasoline.
Paraffin oil is not the same as liquid paraffin. Paraffin oil is a yellow or clear colorless liquid, often known as mineral oil. This substance is colorless and odorless and is obtained from the distillation of crude oil. Paraffin oil is divided into two types, light and general, which have a low viscosity ratio of light mineral oil. Paraffin oil does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental protection. This product is marketed in pharmaceutical or health, food or edible and industrial grades and has various uses. Industrial-grade paraffin oil does not pollute the environment.
This product is marketed in the pharmaceutical, food, rubber, and plastic industries, cosmetics, and health industries and has various applications. Paraffin oil does not contain aromatic hydrocarbons and environmental protection. It does not pollute the environment in industrial applications.
What is Paraffin?
Paraffin is a saturated hydrocarbon compound in which all carbon atoms are connected to each other with simple bonds and other bonds are saturated with hydrogen atoms. Kinds of paraffin or paraffinic hydrocarbons are also called alkanes. This material are the main components of natural gas and oil. Paraffin has the chemical formula CnH2n+2, where the letter C is a carbon atom, H is a hydrogen atom, and n is an integer. Paraffin is obtained from petroleum derivatives. This petroleum composition exists in two forms, liquid and solid.
The cost of producing paraffin was high, but when new sources of paraffin and cheaper methods of refining were discovered, the price of the fuel changed dramatically and came down. Paraffin retains a lot of heat.
Paraffin wax was first discovered in 1830 by Carl von Reichenbach, a German chemist. He tried to produce a device that can be used to separate and purify the waxy substances that are naturally present in oil.
Butyl glycol is known as BG, 2-butoxyethanol, glycol monobutyl ether and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether. It is a glycol ether with moderate surfactant properties, which can be used as a solvent. In fact, butyl glycol is a natural alcohol that is extracted from petroleum. This compound is a colorless, water-soluble liquid that has a sweet, ether-like odor because it comes from the glycol ether family, and is an ether butyrate of ethylene glycol.
Since their use in the 1930s, glycol ethers are solvents that dissolve both water-soluble and hydrophobic materials. Glycol ethers consist of two components, alcohol, and ether. According to the nature of alcohol, molecules of this class can be divided into two groups: E series and P series, which correspond to ethylene and propylene, respectively. Glycol ethers are chosen for specific purposes such as solubility, flammability, and volatility.
2-Butoxyethanol is miscible in water and dissolves in most organic solvents. This substance is known as a relatively non-volatile and inexpensive solvent. Also, due to its properties as a surfactant, it is used in many household and industrial products.
In sensitive individuals, 2-butoxyethanol may be irritating to the skin, eyes, or nasal passages, but it is the least irritating of the glycols. In fact, this glycol is not associated with any specific organ toxicity and, unlike ethylene glycol, is not considered carcinogenic.
This anionic surfactant is used in many cleaning and hygiene products. This molecule is an organosulfur and a salt.
Sodium laureth sulfate, an accepted contraction of sodium lauryl ether sulfate, is an anionic detergent and surfactant found in many personal care products. SLES is a cheap and very effective foaming agent.
This composition is in solid form and has a relatively high melting point, which is used to create the desired state of an intermediate paste composition. It is easily consumed in cold processes and creates a shell-like state. Snow -White Texapon is a mixture of Texapon and EGMS/EGDS. In fact, it is the main agent of shelling. This Texapon is responsible for spreading and unfirming the oyster particles. The shape and size of oyster particles have an effect on their stability.
Sodium dodecyl sulfate, molecular biology grade (SDS), is a detergent known to denature proteins.
This material is used in non-induction polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to determine protein molecular weight.
It appears as a food additive or its synonym sodium lauryl sulfate (SLS), this compound is a safe substance known for food use. It is used as an emulsifier.
In the production of detergent liquids that have a special shine in their shape, such as liquid soap, shampoos, laundry detergents, dishwashing detergents, and toothpaste.
o-Xylene (Ortho-Xylene) is an aromatic hydrocarbon with the formula C6H4 (CH3) 2, which is mainly extracted from crude oil. Ortho-Xylene is the same xylene with methyl groups in its 1 and 2 positions. Xylene is a colorless and flammable liquid with a sweet smell that exists in the form of 3 isomers of Meta, Ortho, and Para-Xylene. o-Xylene is the second functional isomer of xylene used to make PVC plastic. Industrial xylene is not only used as a solvent and additive in the rubber and coatings industry, but also as an additive in aviation fuel.
The Ortho, Meta, and Para-Xylene isomers isolated from this compound are phthalic acid, isophthalic acid, and terephthalate acid, respectively. Phthalic acid and terephthalic acid are used in the production of plastics, polyester resins, and polyester fibers.
Petroleum contains about 1% xylene, and most Ortho-Xylene is produced by petroleum cracking. The net production of this material in 2019 was about 500,000 tons.
o-Xylene is originally produced from coal, but currently, most of its domestic and foreign production is mainly done through modified catalytic extraction of oil and the thermal cracking of aromatic hydrocarbons.
o-Xylene is the second commercial isomer of xylene, and almost all of it is used in the manufacture of phthalic anhydride (PA), which has three main uses, including the use in the manufacture of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) resins, the production of unsaturated polyester resins (UPRs). and making alkyl resins that are used for surface coatings.
Ortho-Xylene in industrial xylene has a difference of more than 5.2 degrees Celsius from other isomers, and this substance can be obtained with a purity of 95% by careful distillation. Its further processing using sulfonation and distillation for purification can give us a substance with greater purity.
This compound is an inexpensive raw material for the production of phthalic anhydride, which has a high yield potential and is used as a precursor to many products, drugs, and other chemicals.
This compound is mainly used as a chemical raw material and solvent, and it can be used to produce dyes, pesticides, drugs, vitamins, and as chromatography standards.
o-Xylene is the raw material for the production of pheniramine microbicide, tetrachlorophenyl peptide, and benzofuran methyl herbicide. This material is used as an intermediate for the production of O-methyl benzoic acid.
Perchlorine or calcium hypochlorite is a white substance with disinfection properties that is used to disinfect water, vegetables, fruits, dishes, bathrooms, toilets, and contaminated places. The purity percentage or degree of purity of chlorine powder is 60-70%.
Perchlorine is a chemical compound containing the perchlorate ion, −ClO. The name of Ayupak is calcium hypochlorite. This material is sold in powder form in 45 kg gallon packages. Chlorine white powder has 33.5% to 39% chlorine, and calcium hypochlorite granules or powdered chlorine has 65 to 70% chlorine by weight.
Calcium hypochlorite is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca(OCl)2. This material is the main active ingredient of commercial products called bleaching powder, chlorine powder, or chlorine lime, which is used for water purification and as a bleaching agent. This compound is relatively stable and has more available chlorine than sodium hypochlorite (liquid bleach). Its appearance is a white solid. Due to its slow decomposition in humid air, it smells strongly of chlorine.
In chemistry, hypochlorite is the anion with the chemical formula ClO2. It combines with several cations to form hypochlorites, which may also be considered salts of hypochlorous acid. Common examples include sodium hypochlorite (a dishwashing liquid or household bleach) and calcium hypochlorite (except bleaching powder, swimming pool “chlorine”).
Most perchlorates are commercial salts. Perchlorates are colorless solids that are soluble in water. Perchlorate anion is the result of the dissociation of perchloric acid and its salts when dissolved in water. Many perchlorate salts are soluble in non-aqueous compounds. Perchlorate ion is the least reactive of the generalized chlorates. Perchlorate contains chlorine at its highest oxidation number. The table of reduction potentials of four chlorates shows that, contrary to expectation, perchlorate is the weakest oxidant among these four chlorates.
Perchlorate and chlorate are stronger oxidizers under acidic conditions than under basic conditions. Most perchlorate compounds, especially salts of electropositive metals such as sodium perchlorate or potassium perchlorate, do not oxidize unless heated.
Peracetic acid, also called peroxyacetic acid or PAA, is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH3CO3H. This organic peroxide is a colorless liquid with a distinct pungent smell like vinegar, which is reminiscent of acetic acid and can be very corrosive. This material is a weaker acid than the parent acetic acid and its pKa is 8.2. Peracetic acid (C2H4O3) is a mixture of acetic acid (CH3COOH) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in water.
Peracetic acid is produced industrially by the oxidation of acetaldehyde:
O2 + CH3CHO → CH3CO3H
This substance forms a strong acid when treating acetic acid with hydrogen peroxide with a catalyst:
H2O2 + CH3CO2H ⇌ CH3CO3H + H2O
As another option, acetyl chloride and acetic anhydride can be used to produce an acid solution with lower water content. This material is produced by the reaction between hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid:
Acetic acid + hydrogen peroxide → peracetic acid
Peracetic acid can also be produced by the oxidation of acetaldehyde. This material is usually produced in concentrations of 15%.
When peracetic acid dissolves in water, it decomposes into hydrogen peroxide and acetic acid, which, as the water breaks down, oxygen and carbon dioxide lost. The degradation products of peracetic acid are non-toxic and can be easily dissolved in water. This material is a very strong oxidant that overestimates the oxidation potential of chlorine and chlorine dioxide.
Peracetic acid is also produced by some laundry detergents. This route involves the reaction of tetraacetylethylenediamine in the presence of an alkaline solution of hydrogen peroxide. This material is an effective and stronger bleaching agent than hydrogen peroxide itself. (PAA) also occurs naturally in the environment through a series of photochemical reactions involving formaldehyde and photo-oxidizing radicals.
This material is always sold as a mixture of acetic acid and hydrogen peroxide in a solution, to maintain its stability. The concentration of acid as an active ingredient can be different.
Texapon N70 is a sodium laureate sulfate commonly used in medium to high viscosity clear pearlescent products and detergent products. Texapon is a highly active ether sulfate produced from a medium fatty alcohol containing an average of 2 moles of ethylene oxide with maximum control of unwanted byproducts, including odor-causing products.
Texapon N70 is a highly concentrated sodium lauryl ether sulfate derived from natural fatty alcohols. Texapon is particularly suitable for highly concentrated end products or when raw materials with a lower water content are required due to the high leaching content of the active ingredient. In this way, the viscosity of diluted texapon solutions with approximately 5 to 28% washing active ingredient can be easily increased to the desired amount. Its other anions include sodium laurate sulfate and sodium myrate sulfate.
SLES or Texapon N70 acts as a foaming, cleansing and moisturizing agent. Most detergent products contain 30-70% SLES. Texapon N70 is a paste that has a high viscosity and its appearance is transparent. Because this product contains salt, after diluting it, the viscosity decreases. By increasing NaCl and alkanol amides, the viscosity of this compound can be controlled. N70 type of this product is the highest concentration of SLES produced in the ethoxylation process of dodecyl alcohol.
Xylene is a colorless, volatile, sweet-smelling, flammable liquid that is insoluble in water and remains on its surface when mixed with water. Xylene consists of two methyl groups attached to the six-carbon ring of benzene, therefore it is also called dimethylbenzene.
Xylene is a term used for the mixture of three isomers of xylene, i.e. Ortho-Xylene, Meta-Xylene, and Para-Xylene we have explained each one specifically in other articles.
This material is mainly used as a solvent and is used in the printing, rubber, and leather industries and can replace toluene in places where slower drying is required. This chemical is primarily a synthetic chemical. However, it occurs naturally in oil, and coal, and is produced during forest fires.
Xylene is an aromatic hydrocarbon widely used as a solvent in industry and medical technology. The chemical formula of this compound is C6 H4 (CH 3) 2. This compound is found in small amounts in jet fuel, gasoline, and cigarette smoke.
The chemical and physical properties of xylene are different according to the respective isomers. The melting point of this compound varies from -47.87°C (m-Xylene) to 13.26°C (p-Xylene). Typically, the melting point of the para isomer is much higher because it easily fits into the crystal structure. The boiling point of each isomer is around 140°C (284°F).
The density of each isomer is about 0.87 g/ml, and as a result, it has a lower density than water. This chemical in the air can be identified by the smell in concentrations from 0.08 to 3.7 ppm, and in water with a concentration of 0.53 to 1.8 ppm, its sweet taste can be recognized.
Xylene, often called xylol, is a powerful chemical solvent. This substance is derived from petroleum and therefore has certain advantages over other similar products.
It may seem odd, but solvents are chemical composites that are molecularly similar to the substances they are designed to dissolve. Since xylene is made from petroleum, it is especially good at removing paints, wood stains, and other synthetic products without damaging surfaces. It also acts as a solvent with compounds used on metals to prevent rust. Other materials that xylene will dissolve include a variety of adhesives and putty, as well as grease, glazes, resins, and waterproofing materials.
This substance is a strong acid known by names such as sulfamidic acid, amidosulfonic acid, amidosulfuric acid. Sulfamic acid has the ability to form sulfamate salt. In terms of appearance, it is a crystalline white powder with fine and shiny particles and has the chemical formula (H3NSO3). This substance is completely soluble in water. The melting point of sulfamic acid is 205 degrees Celsius.
This material is an almost strong acid with a molecular weight of 97.10 g/mol. This material is non-toxic, non-volatile and odorless and is not considered as a dangerous compound. It actually looks like wet snow.
In terms of chemical structure, sulfamic acid is an intermediate compound between sulfuric acid and sulfamide. Sulfamate compounds are also derivatives of this material. This acid is one of the simplest sulfamic acids, which consists of a single sulfur atom. This sulfur is connected to two oxygen atoms by covalent bonds with hydroxide and amino groups and by double bonds.
Texapon is a white or yellow semi-transparent paste with a mild odor, which is sodium lauryl ether sulfate. It has good foaming properties, but the foam is light and not creamy. It is part of cosmetic and medicinal raw materials. This product is supplied in 110-200 kg barrels and exported in bulk.
Texapon is used in detergents to create foam and bubbles. Texapon acts as a basic surfactant and easily thickens with salt. This stable compound is derived from natural fatty alcohols that have a high molecular weight and waxy content.
In fact, in general, there are four types of anionic, cationic, nonionic and amphoteric surfactants, where Texapon is an anionic surfactant with excellent performance and no color. Sodium Lauryl Ether Sulfate (SLES) has excellent detergent, emulsification and plasticity properties. Texapon, sodium lauryl ether sulfate (SLES N70) is a colorless or light yellow viscous paste liquid that is odorless and easily soluble in water.
The content of Texapon is very low in salt and it has a very low viscosity when it is watery or diluted with water to the concentration of normal use. But we can adjust the viscosity by adding sodium chloride and appropriate alkanol amides. This product is marketed with two concentrations of 30 and 70%.
For each ethylene oxide group received, the amount of 44.05 g/mol is added to the molecular weight of Texapon. Therefore, for the sodium lauryl ether sulfate molecule that has 3 ethylene oxide groups, the molecular mass is calculated as 420.54 g/mol.
Texapon has excellent inhibition, emulsification and plasticity. This chemical substance dissolves easily in water. It is also resistant to hard water and high biological decomposition.
Paraxylene is a clear liquid with a sweet smell that has irritating vapors. The density of this substance is less than water and it is insoluble in water. Paraxylene is used to make plastic bottles and polyester fibers.
Paraxylene or para-xylene or p-xylene, abbreviated as PX, is an aromatic hydrocarbon derived from benzene. Paraxylene is toxic and flammable at room temperature. This substance is naturally present in gasoline and coal.
This compound has the largest volume of xylene isomers and 98% of it is used in polyester production, especially for the production of fibers, film, and polyethylene terephthalate (PET). Currently, the paraxylene supply market is witnessing significant growth with the increase in the consumption of pure acid terephthalate (PTA).
The paraxylene market has experienced strong growth with the increase in the use of PTA in the manufacture of polyester. Demand for DMT is slowly declining as polyester producers prefer the economical PTA route, although demand for DMT is increasing in the production of engineering polymers such as polybutylene terephthalate.
In Asia, most of the growth in polyester is related to fiber, which accounts for almost two-thirds of global demand. This fabric is used to make clothes and household items such as bedspreads, curtains, and fabrics.
However, this decline has been offset by strong growth in the PET bottle resin market, which now accounts for more than 30% of global polyester demand. This growth is mainly due to the replacement of glass in soft drinks and mineral water bottles. PET has also found applications in additional markets such as sports drinks, fruit juices, and food products such as oils, sauces, and dressings.
Paraxylene is used as a raw material for the production of other industrial chemicals, especially terephthalic acid (TPA), pure terephthalic acid (PTA), and dimethyl terephthalate (DMT). TPA, PTA, and DMT to produce polyethylene terephthalate (PET) polyesters. Bottles made of PET plastic are widely used as containers for water, soft drinks, and other beverages. Because PET is lightweight, shatter-resistant, and strong. In addition, PET helps retain gas in carbonated beverages. Because it has strong carbon dioxide-blocking properties.
Polypropylene, abbreviated as PP, is a thermoplastic composite polymer made from a combination of propylene monomers.
This product has different types and depending on its application, it is produced in different grades such as raffia, medical, etc. In the following text, the necessary information for the preparation of the product, as well as additional information about the production method, types, different applications, etc., are mentioned.
Polypropylene is the second most widely used thermoplastic from the polyolefin family. PP is a versatile material that integrates properties such as lightness, strength, high heat resistance, rigidity, and flexibility. Polypropylene is molecularly a linear hydrocarbon resin whose chemical formula is C3H6.
Polypropylene is generally produced from propylene using the Ziegler-Natta polymerization method or metallocene catalysis. Polypropylene production starts from crude oil, where the crude oil is distilled and the naphtha cut is separated from it. Then naphtha is subjected to a cracking process, this process happens when naphtha is used as feed in petrochemical steam crackers.
Oleic Acid is a fatty acid that is naturally present in various animal and vegetable fats and oils. This acid is an odorless and colorless oil, but commercial samples are yellowish or brown.
Chemically, oleic acid is classified as an unsaturated fatty acid. The name oleic is derived from the Latin word oleum meaning oil. Oleic acid is the most common fatty acid in nature. Oleic acid salts and esters are called oleate.
Oleic acid is the most common unsaturated fatty acid in nature. Fatty acids (or their salts) are often absent in biological systems as such. Instead, fatty acids such as oleic acid exist as their esters, usually triglycerides, which are the fatty substances of many natural oils.
This substance is found in fats (triglycerides), membrane-forming phospholipids, cholesterol esters and wax esters. Oleic acid is the most common omega-9 fatty acid and the most common unsaturated fatty acid. Oleic acid is the most abundant fatty acid in human adipose tissue, and is generally the second most abundant in human tissues after palmitic acid.
Oleic acid triglycerides make up the majority of olive oil. Oleic acid makes olive oil inedible. Also 59-75% pecan oil, 61% canola oil, 67-36% peanut oil, 60% macadamia oil, 20-80% sunflower oil, 15-20% grape seed oil, buckthorn oil, 40% sesame oil, and 14% of poppy seed oil is also composed of oleic acid. This substance is present in many animal fats and it makes up 37-56% of chicken and turkey fat and 44-47% of pork contains oleic acid.
Formic acid, ant essence or systematically methanoic acid, is the simplest carboxylic acid and has the chemical formula HCOOH. This substance is an important intermediate in chemical synthesis and is produced naturally. The word “formic” is derived from the Latin word for ant, formica, which indicates the distillation of the ant’s body. The ester, salt and anion of formic acid is called formate. Industrially, formic acid is produced from methanol.
Some alchemists and naturalists knew that anthills gave off acid fumes as early as the 15th century. The first person to describe the isolation of this substance (by distillation of large numbers of ants) was the English naturalist John Ray in 1671. Ants secrete formic acidfor attack and defense purposes.
Formic acid was first made by the French chemist Joseph Guy Lussac from hydrocyanic acid. In 1855, another French chemist, Marcelin Bertrelot, produced formic acid by synthesizing carbon monoxide.
Formic acid has long been considered a chemical compound of little interest in the chemical industry. By the late 1960s, significant quantities became available as a byproduct of acetic acid production. Now this substance has increased as a preservative and antibacterial agent in animal feed.
Formic acid is named after ants that have a high concentration of the compound in their venom. In ants, formic acid is derived from serine via an intermediate. Formic acid‘s conjugate base, formate, also occurs widely in nature. The method for measuring formic acid in body fluids, which is designed to determine formate after methanol poisoning, is based on the reaction of formate with bacterial formamide dehydrogenase.
Formic acid is flammable at a concentration of 85%. Formic acid contains 53 grams per liter of hydrogen at room temperature and atmospheric pressure, which is three and a half times what compressed hydrogen gas can achieve at a pressure of 350 bar. Pure formic acid is a liquid whose flash point is +69°C, much higher than that of gasoline (-40°C) or ethanol (+13°C).
Polyethylene granules are one of the most popular thermoplastic materials and the most widely used materials in many plastic product manufacturing industries today. Polyethylene is used in producing films, water, sewage pipes, plastic parts, and various sectors such as packaging, automobile manufacturing, electricity, etc.Linear Low Density Polyethylene is a type of light polyethylene, a semi-hard and semi-transparent polymer used in various industries and the production of multiple products due to its features and functional properties. From a chemical formula point of view, it’s known as LLDP 22B02. In the following, you will get to know more about its features and specifications.
This type of transparent light polyethylene has features such as flexibility, chemical resistance, and waterproofing, which is an essential characteristic of LLDP 22B02.
One of the most important characteristics of the LLDP 22B02 is the appropriate resistance to ultraviolet rays. Other features of this polymer include the following:
Poly aluminum chloride is introduced in the consumer market with the industrial name of Poly Aluminum Chloride.
Other names of PAC include basic aluminum chloride, polybasic aluminum chloride, aluminum hydroxide, aluminum oxychloride, and aluminum chlorohydrate.
This product, abbreviated as PAC, is a widely used coagulant; which is widely used instead of two old coagulants, aluminum sulfate and chloroauric and it causes flocculation, reduction of TDS of water, clarification, removal of turbidity and instability of colloids. In terms of appearance, the PAC has 2 types: solid and liquid, which is solid poly aluminum chloride in the form of powder or crystal.
According to its production grades, it is produced and marketed in two colors, from milky white to bright yellow. Liquid poly aluminum chloride is produced in light yellow to reddish yellow color and can be edible or industrial. The pack is produced with 3 types of purity: 9%, 18%, and 30%.
Poly aluminum chloride is a polymeric and inorganic coagulant. Several applications of this technology have been developed over the past few years, including the treatment of drinking water, sewage, agricultural and industrial effluents, and wastewater.
This inorganic coagulant is very efficient in the world and forms stable compounds with many inorganic and organic substances.
This substance is used in the food, cosmetic, and leather industries, in the public sector, in drinking water purification and conditioning, in water purification processes for thermal power plants, regional power stations, steam boilers, and for swimming pool water purification mainly in the cold season.
During the separation and extraction of water impurities, this industrial material operates at high power and speed. China, Canada, America, Italy, France, and England are among the countries using poly aluminum chloride as a coagulant agent in their water purification systems.
Throughout Iran, this material replaces old coagulants (aluminum sulfate and chloroferric) in many industries.
Among the unique and special characteristics of poly aluminum chloride are having a long life, not changing the PH of the water, reducing consumption, coagulant amount, being strong and effective, producing little sludge or waste, high efficiency, ease and Ease of use, hygiene, reduction of water corrosion activity, reduction of costs of neutralization after coagulation, no temperature limit, efficiency, and reasonable price. Due to its higher purity percentage, higher molecular weight, and better coagulant properties, poly aluminum chloride is more commonly used than other coagulants and has many supporters.
The idea of creating the petrochemical industry in Iran is more than 50 years old. In the texts and laws of the 1950s, provisions, and terms such as “Chemical industries derived from oil” or “chemicals derived from oil and natural gas” either “gas derivatives” and “chemical fertilizers” were adopted Without the word “petrochemical” being used.
The first article of association of Iran National Oil Company approved on November 26, 1952, mentioned establishing a company named National Iran Oil Company for exploration, extraction, and exploitation such as refining, transportation, export, and distribution of oil and its derivatives.
In the bill of the second construction program, credits for the formation of chemical fertilizer factories were predicted and the first step in the establishment of petroleum chemical industries in Khuzestan was taken in June 1958.
In the report of June 1960 of the Khuzestan Development Program, the title “Petrochemicals” was mentioned for the first time.
At the end of the 1950s, the Ministry of Industries and Mines paid attention to the construction of a chemical fertilizer plant from natural gas in Marvdasht, Fars. In 1958, the contract for the construction of the factory was signed and its implementation was entrusted to “Chemical Fertilizer Company“. This factory was put into operation in 1963.
In 1964, the law on the formation of the National Petrochemical Industries Company under the cover of the National Iranian Oil Company and the concentration of all activities related to the creation and development of petrochemical industries in this company was approved. In 1965, the Petrochemical Industries Development Law was also ratified.
The petrochemical industry in Iran has about 9% of the world’s oil reserves and 16% of the world’s gas reserves, due to the use of the country’s relative advantages and the creation of added value, has been the focus of the country’s policymakers and planners since the beginning. Although the development of this industry requires huge capital and educated manpower, its importance in the growth of the national economy has paved the way for the expansion of this industry.
The process of development and evolution of the petrochemical industry in Iran includes six specific stages:
Genesis (1963)
Initial expansion (1964 to 1978)
Recession (1978 to 1988)
Revival and reconstruction (1989 to 1999)
Mutation, stabilization, and development (1999 to 2008)
Privatization and transformation into governance and regulatory organization (2009-till now)
In the past decades, polymer materials have had many applications in the textile industry. The use of polymers has enabled the production of fibers with various characteristics, such as high thermal resistance, high strength, etc., in this industry.
Polypropylene fibers and granules, polyester fibers, nylon, and acrylic fibers can be mentioned among the synthetic polymers widely used in textile industries.
In the following, we mention the textile industry‘s most widely used grades of polymer materials.
A. Polypropylene in textile
Polypropylene fibers, which are prepared through the polymerization of propylene in the form of a linear polymer, are called PP for short and have many applications in the textile industry. The following are the most commonly used grades of polypropylene in the textile industry.
1. Polypropylene homopolymer HP 552R
HP552R polypropylene is a homopolymer polypropylene with high flow ability, which is used to produce staple, CF, and BCF fibers. HP552R material is used for medium and high-speed spinning melt.
Although polypropylene homopolymer has higher tensile strength and hardness than polypropylene copolymer, its main weakness is its impact resistance. In fact, polypropylene homopolymer is more fragile than polypropylene copolymer.
Characteristics of polypropylene 552R: Homogeneity, stable extrusion
Application of 552R materials: Woven fabrics, diapers, medical hygiene applications, and wet wipes are suitable.
2. Polypropylene homopolymer HP 510L
HP 510L polypropylene or 510L material is an extrusion grade homopolymer polypropylene with medium flow ability, which is used to produce belts, monofilaments, films, and sheets. Even though polypropylene homopolymer has higher tensile strength and hardness than polypropylene copolymer, its main weakness is its impact resistance.
Due to its high crystallinity and low impact resistance, polypropylene homopolymer is a very suitable option for textile applications or thin sheets and films. In this application, tensile strength is needed, and weak impact resistance is not an issue.
Features of polypropylene 510L: Good mechanical properties and flow
Application of 510L materials: rope, sacks, belts, etc.
3. Polypropylene homopolymer C30S
Polypropylene C30S or C30S material is an extrusion grade homopolymer polypropylene with medium flow ability, which is used to produce belts, monofilaments, films, and sheets. Due to its high crystallinity and low impact resistance, polypropylene homopolymer is a very suitable option for textile applications or thin sheets and films.
In this application, tensile strength is needed more, and weak impact resistance is not essential. Films stretched in two directions, and polypropylene fibers and types of sacks and belts are among the applications of polypropylene homopolymer.
Characteristic of C30S polypropylene: Grade in contact with food, good flow ability, and good processability
Today, various products are made of plastic, especially BL3 polyethylene granules. It can be said that products such as plastic containers, bottles, bags, and all kinds of plastic toys are considered products you can see around you. Meanwhile, the common feature of all these products is that plastic is one of the most important materials used for their production. The mentioned plastic products are usually made of granules; in this regard, in order to examine the granules, it should be noted that granules are one of the most popular thermoplastic materials that have many applications in industries today.
Currently, there are different types of granules, and each of these models has specific grades. Each of these grades has unique uses and features, and this has increased their usage rate. In this article, we intend to introduce you to BL3 granules and state what points you should pay attention to if you intend to buy BL3 granules.
Granule is a light and resistant thermoplastic with a variable crystal structure used in various industries. This polymer is considered one of the most widely used plastics in the world. According to statistics, we produce tens of millions of tons of granules worldwide annually.
According to customers’ needs, granules are used in different industries to make additional products such as films, pipes, all kinds of plastic parts, packaging materials, car parts, electric cables, etc.
Examination of types of granules
In line with the examination of the types of granules, it should be said that these products are classified into different groups based on their density and branching. Among the most common kinds of granules available in the market, the following can be mentioned:
Low-density branch model granule
Linear granules with low density
High-density branch model granule
Very high molecular weight granule
Cross granules
In addition to the mentioned items, which are among the most common types of granules, granules are produced in other models, which include the following models:
bl3 is one of the types of air granules that are in the category of high-density products. In order to get familiar with BL3 polyethylene granule, you should know that this product is a cheap thermoplastic that has a linear structure with little branching.
One of the essential features of this product is that its production process is carried out at a specific temperature and pressure. The temperature required to produce this category of products is between 70 and 300 degrees Celsius, and the pressure required to produce this product is between 10 and 80 bar.
To get familiar with BL3 granules, you should know that two techniques are mainly used to produce this product:
The advantages of using polymer materials over other chemicals in the medical industry have made them one of the most used in this industry. In general, the use of polymers in medicine, in the manufacture of medical equipment, and also in medical implants are widely used today.
In this article, due to the wide range of applications of polymer materials in medical equipment and medical implants, we will continue to examine these materials in medical implants.
The consumables used in the body can be classified into metal materials, ceramic materials, polymer materials, and composite materials; among the materials used for biological purposes, polymer materials have a special place. Biomaterials are compounds of natural or synthetic origin that have various applications in the medical industry.
Biomaterials to replace tissue, restore tissue function with different methods, improve tissue function, correct and eliminate disorders, etc., are used in various ways, such as in suture thread, bone plates, replacement joints, heart valves, intraocular lenses, etc.
In the following, we first take a look at the characteristics of polymer biomaterials. In addition, since biomaterials are primarily used in orthopedic implants, in the rest of this article, we will examine their use in cases such as joint replacement, bone replacement, bone filler, joint connection, fracture repair, etc.
In terms of function in the body, polymeric biomaterials are divided into two categories. Polymers in medicine are bio-compatible, and they are also sustainable. The other category is biocompatible and biodegradable, which means they slowly break down in the body and disappear.
Biomaterials, whether biodegradable or non-biodegradable (stable), should have a series of physical-mechanical characteristics when they come into contact with body tissue or the living environment in general, depending on whether They use it.
The most important things polymers in medicine must have are tensile strength, bending strength, compressibility, impact ability, fatigue, creep, tearing, corrosion, abrasion, and cracking due to impact, as well as factors such as not being toxic or pathogenic. Immune reactions and blood clotting should not occur if the object is unstable in the body, the components resulting from its destruction should not be toxic or harmful, etc.
The most critical applications of Polymers in medicine in medical implants
Bone filler using polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)
Replacing joints using polyethylene (PE)
Vertebral bone ossification using polyether ether ketone (PEEK)
Granular sulfur fertilizer is one of the best-selling types of agricultural fertilizers, which has the right percentage of sulfur and is very effective for plants; like other phosphate fertilizers, the way to use this fertilizer is before planting.
The use of fertilizers in the agricultural industry has been of great interest today. In addition to suitable soil, light, and water conditions, the trees also need the use of fertilizers for proper and excellent fruiting. One of the most suitable fertilizers for strengthening the soil of trees and plants is granular sulfur fertilizer, which has the highest sulfur content of 58%.
One of the most important and widely used elements in plants is the use of sulfur, which is of great importance for plant growth. Sulfur can be prepared as fertilizer in all kinds of agricultural fertilizers, which is used according to the needs of plants and trees.
In addition to controlling some fungal pathogens such as powdery mildew, the use of granular sulfur is beneficial for improving saline and alkaline soils, reducing the local pH of calcareous soils, providing sulfate needed by plants, and increasing the solubility of low-use and high-use elements.
The plant needs a significant amount of sulfate for sufficient growth. By using granular sulfur, in addition to the local reduction of the pH of lime-alkali soils, the sulfate required for plant growth is also provided.
One of the most important benefits of granulated sulfur is to increase the elements and micronutrients of the soil and control a number of pathogenic factors such as white fungus and disinfecting the soil, helping the health of the environment, etc. The use of granular sulfur activates beneficial microbes in the soil because the organic substances present in the granular sulfur fertilizer facilitate biological oxidation in the soil.
The use of granulated pollen improves the physical and chemical properties of the soil by 30-60.%. You can easily add granular sulfur fertilizer to the soil using fertilizer spreaders.
Supplying plant and soil needs is one of the benefits of granular sulfur fertilizer, which, in addition to reducing the local pH of calcareous soils, provides the necessary growth materials for the soil. According to the type of fertilizer, it is better to use granular sulfur fertilizer before planting the crop
Autumn season is one of the most appropriate times to use granular sulfur fertilizer in agricultural soils. To conclude, it is better for farmers to test the soil before using this type of fertilizer to assess the plant’s needs. The appropriate amount of fertilizer for each hectare is about 400 to 600 kg, which is added to the soil using a fertilizer spreader. To combine with the soil, it is better to penetrate the fertilizer deep into the soil by plowing. The amount of fertilizer can vary according to the type of planting, this amount for greenhouse crops is about 250 grams per square meter, which should be well mixed with the soil.
Benzalkonium chloride is a type of cationic surfactant that is considered a non-oxidative biocide. This biocide is based on quaternary ammonium compounds, which are effective even in low concentrations.
This biocide is soluble in water and is effective in preventing the activity of some vital bacterial enzymes (enzymes involved in glycolysis respiration), as well as releasing the contents of the bacteria into the environment. By increasing the contact time and concentration of the biocide, compounds containing nitrogen and phosphorus in the bacterial cell enter the surrounding environment, and thus the bacteria are destroyed. This material has the property of dispersing, spreading, and destroying sludge and algae.
Using this biocide may cause foaming. In order to make this biocide more effective, it is recommended to use it together with non-oxidizing isothiazolinone biocide.
This biocide can be used in all open or closed-circuit cooling and cooling systems, firefighting systems, ponds and pools, water transmission lines, etc.
Equipment and containers should be made of stainless steel, 316 steel, 304 steel, polypropylene, polyethylene, PVC, or Teflon.
The product is liquid and easy to use. (injection)
It has a good spreading property, which means it is an effective dispersant.
Its effectiveness in a different range of pH.
Benzalkonium chloride (BAC, BAK, BKC, BZK), known as alkylidene methyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC), is a type of cationic surfactant. It is an organic salt classified as a quaternary ammonium compound. ADBACs are used in three main categories: as a biocide, cationic surfactant, and phase transfer agent. methylammonium.
Depending on the purity, benzalkonium chloride ranges from colorless to pale yellow (impure). Benzalkonium chloride is easily soluble in ethanol and acetone, but its solubility is slower in water. Its aqueous solutions should be neutral to slightly alkaline. Concentrated solutions have a bitter taste and a faint smell like almonds. Standard concentrates are produced as 50% and 80% by-weight solutions. A 50% solution is completely blue.
Other names of dimethyl benzalkonium chloride
Benzalkonium chlorides (BACs), also known as alkyl dimethyl benzyl ammonium chlorides, quaternary alkyl dimethyl (phenylmethyl) ammonium chlorides, quartz disinfectants, BACs, benzalkonium chlorides, and QACs.
Properties of dimethyl benzalkonium chloride
Benzalkonium chlorides (BAC) due to their broad-spectrum antimicrobial properties against bacteria, fungi, and viruses. Benzalkonium chloride is a broad-spectrum quaternary ammonium antibacterial agent. This material is cationically charged and creates an antibacterial effect by absorbing the negatively charged bacterial membrane.
Gram-positive bacteria are generally more sensitive than gram-negative bacteria. Its activity depends on the concentration of surfactant and also on the concentration of bacteria at the moment of injection. Activity is largely unaffected by pH but increases significantly at higher temperatures and longer exposure times.
Lubecut is one of the derivatives of crude oil and is one of the cuts of the distillation tower of oil refineries. Lubecut has two types, heavy and light, each used in the oil industry.
According to experts, only a good lubricant (oil, grease, etc.) can guarantee the optimal operation of machine equipment. About 55% of premature equipment failures are due to inappropriate lubricants in the industry. Lubricants are substances used to reduce friction and prevent the wear of moving metal parts in contact with each other.
This article will discuss lube cuts, the main component, and raw materials for motor oil production.
lubecut is the main component and raw material for producing motor oil, which makes up about 85-95% of it. Usually, by refining crude oil, only a few percent of hydrocarbon materials with atomic numbers between 20 and 50 are obtained, which are suitable for use as lubricants. It is one of the oil cuts (products) called oil cut or lube cut. This cut is actually the oil refinery feed.
Lubecut is converted into oil from crude oil refineries then in the oil refineries, the refining operation is performed on the lubecut. Finally, a substance called base oil, the main ingredient of motor, industrial, and grease oils, is prepared from it.
As mentioned, the base oil is produced from lubecut. Basically, lubricants consist of two components: base oil and additives. After adding additives to the base oil, the final lubricant is obtained.
Production of base oil from lubecutby performing the refining process, in addition to separating non-hydrocarbon compounds, hydrocarbon compounds are also divided according to their boiling point, which is derived from the number of carbon atoms in their molecules. Usually, by refining crude oil, only a few percent of hydrocarbon materials with atomic numbers between 20 and 50 are formed, which are suitable for use as lubricants. It should be noted that the type and degree of viscosity of the base oil obtained depend on the lubecut input to the oil refinery. Therefore, to produce different base oils, it is necessary to use different lubecut.
Polyamide, commonly known as nylon, is a thermoplastic polymer introduced to the industry in the mid-1930s by DuPont engineers.
Since then, polyamide has been a suitable material in most industries, such as automobile manufacturing, the food industry, sports equipment, the carpet industry, and most importantly, the textile and clothing industry.
Polyamides are usually converted into fibers to be used. If you are willing to get familiar with the types of simple polyamide available in the industry, their characteristics, and their use, this article will help you.
Simple polyamide is a polymer that includes amide groups (R-CO-NH-R) as an essential part of the polymer chain. These amide groups keep repeating. A simple polyamide with a high molecular weight is usually called nylon.
Simple polyamide is a crystalline polymer formed from the combination of a diacid and a diamine. In the mixture of these two monomers, the linking of molecules takes place through the formation of amide groups. The most crucial simple polyamide is nylon, which is considered a very flexible material. Today, simple polyamide is produced in the form of thin and long threads.
At first, simple polyamide was used to make parachutes and ropes in World War II, but later in the 40s, it gained its place in the clothing and fabric market. Due to its elasticity, this material achieved great success in the hosiery industry and quickly replaced silk stockings, which were expensive and less flexible.
Today, simple polyamide is used for many sticky clothes, such as women’s socks, pantyhose, swimwear, underwear, and high-quality and comfortable sports clothes.
Types of simple polyamide are usually named with a unique number placed in front of the polyamide name, and each one has its unique characteristics. In this section, we will introduce the types of simple polyamide.
1- Polyamide 6.6
This polyamide melts at a very high temperature and is resistant to abrasion. Hence, this polyamide works very well for making various car parts. But polyamide 6.6 also has its disadvantages. For example, it absorbs a lot of water, and its chemical resistance is weak. Since this simple polyamide is strong and has high heat resistance, it can also act as a thermoplastic.
2- Polyamide 6
This type of simple polyamide is somewhat crystalline and is very resistant to erosion. This simple polyamide is also resistant to chemicals such as acids and alkyl. However, the tensile strength of polyamide 6 decreases due to a water absorption of 2.4%.
3- Polyamide 6.10
Another type of simple polyamide is polyamide 6.10, which is resistant to chemicals and acids. This simple polyamide is more robust than almost any other nylon, so much so that it doesn’t break even under a salt like zinc chloride. This class of simple polyamide, which absorbs relatively less water, also shows good resistance in wet environments.
The term bitumen refers to a viscous, non-crystalline, black or dark brown substance that can be dissolved in organic solutions, such as toluene and carbon disulfide, and has adhesive and waterproof properties.
This substance is generally composed of hydrocarbons, which usually contain 80% carbon and 15% hydrogen. Other residues in this viscous material include oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen, and various metals. Bitumen can be obtained from various sources and occurs naturally. The amount of this material in crude oil may vary, but the more normal range is between 25% and 40%, while the usual range is 15% to 80%.
Broad classification for crude oils
Bitumen base
Paraffin base
Bitumen and paraffin base
Depending on the type of crude oil, bitumen exists either as a colloidal dispersion or in a solid state. During the refinement process, the oil-to-particle ratio changes as petroleum oils are removed by distillation. Instead of these particles being scattered and relatively few in number, they are getting closer to each other and increasing in size.
Typically, oil tar is a colloidal dispersion of black solids (hydrocarbons) at the end of the distillation process. There is also a yellow-brown petroleum liquid known as the melted fraction in which asphaltenes are dispersed. Also, to be present in asphaltenes as a stabilizing agent, another group of hydrocarbons are known as resins.
This substance is found in nature in many forms, from the hard, easily crushed bitumen found in rock asphalt to the softer, more viscous material found in oil sands and so-called asphalt lakes. This material is usually mixed with various proportions of mineral or vegetable impurities that must be extracted before use, and is effectively used as an engineering material. It may also be found as asphaltite, natural bitumen without various impurities in solution in carbon disulfide. Natural bitumen, like petroleum, occurs as a result of the specific breakdown of marine debris. This occurs over thousands of years through porous rocks such as limestone or sandstone, often transported by volcanic action.
Separation of bitumen and tar coal is important. Although coal tar is black and sticky like this material, it is derived from the carbon of coal and therefore has very different chemical properties.
Engineering projects everywhere in the world, from the construction of transcontinental highways to the waterproofing of flat roof surfaces, rely on the special properties of bitumen. Crude oil processed by the oil industry provides a small percentage of this vital substance.
The special properties of bitumen are used in a variety of engineering projects around the world, from the construction of transcontinental highways to the waterproofing of flat roof surfaces. It is important to note that crude oil is only a small percentage of this essential substance produced by the oil industry
It is a strong and durable glue-like material that holds together a wide variety of other materials without matching their properties. Durability is essential for large engineering projects such as roads and waterways that must last 20 years or more.
Due to its insoluble nature, it is an effective waterproofing insulator. The material is also resistant to the majority of acids, alkalis, and salts. It does not contaminate water, which makes it an excellent choice for use in water flow lines.
This material gives controllable flexibility to the mineral aggregate mix, which is why most of the total annual production is used in road construction. It is available almost worldwide at economical cost.
Polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, is a universal polymer with many applications (pipes, floor coverings, cable insulation, bottles, packaging foils, medical products, etc.).
The reason for the widespread use of this polymer is its low cost, suitable physical and chemical properties, and good resistance to environmental conditions. In the following, we will discuss the properties, structure, production method, burning, applications, and other things about this polymer.
Polyvinyl chloride, or PVC, is a thermoplastic polymer with strength, stiffness, and good resistance to corrosion and chemicals. This product is initially produced as a white powder, and additional processes are performed based on the type of use expected from it. For example, in cases where flexibility is needed, a plasticizer should be added to it. It is a fragile white compound produced in two complex and flexible types during production in its pure state and without additives. This substance is a combination of crude oil derivatives and chlorine gas produced during the polymerization process.
This material is a type of modern thermoplastic (heated plastic), one of the main derivatives of crude oil and table salt. Its physical properties are different from PVC, and it is made into a profile in the production process. This combination has many applications in construction for making pipes, fittings, door and window profiles, etc. The ingredients of UPVC include the following.
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